For this purpose, a variety of senescence-associated markers, (1) especially senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), (4−7) has been employed. (3) Therefore, one of the key issues in this field is the development of methods to accurately characterize senescent cells in culture. (2,3)Īs the characterization of senescent cells in vivo has been limited by difficulties associated with detecting and tracking senescent cells in real tissue, most current insights regarding senescent cells have been acquired using cell culture experiments. For example, when senescent cells are retained in tissue for prolonged periods of time, these cells promote age-related tissue dysfunction by secreting factors that recruit local inflammation, induce aberrant tissue architecture, and impair tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
(1) Although cellular senescence has initially been considered as an irreversible cell-cycle-arrest mechanism that acts to protect against cancer, recent discoveries have revealed that cellular senescence may also be a detrimental biological process. Cellular senescence is an antiproliferative program that limits the propagation of cells subjected to different kinds of stimuli, such as DNA damage, chromatin perturbations, activation of cancer genes, and loss of telomeres after extensive proliferation.
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